Twelve Tribes of Israel

The Twelve Tribes of Israel represent the traditional divisions of the Jewish people in the biblical era. The tribes were Reuben, Simeon, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Benjamin, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Ephraim and Manasseh. The Torah, the Jewish Bible, teaches that each tribe was descended from a son of Jacob, the Hebrew forefather who became known as Israel. Modern scholars disagree. The Twelve Tribes in the Torah Jacob had two wives, Rachel and Leah, and two concubines, by whom he had 12 sons and a daughter. Jacobs favorite wife was Rachel, who bore him Joseph. Jacob was quite open about his preference for Joseph, the prophetic dreamer, above all others. Josephs brothers were jealous and sold Joseph into slavery in Egypt. Josephs rise in Egypt—he became a trusted vizier of the pharaoh—encouraged the sons of Jacob to move there, where they prospered and became the Israelite nation. After Josephs death, an unnamed Pharaoh makes slaves of the Israelites; their escape from Egypt is the subject of the Book of Exodus. Under Moses and then Joshua, the Israelites capture the land of Canaan, which is divided up by tribe. Of the remaining ten tribes, Levi was scattered throughout the region of ancient Israel. The Levites became the priestly class of Judaism. A portion of the territory was given to each of Josephs sons, Ephraim and Menasseh. The tribal period endured from the conquest of Canaan through the period of Judges until the kingship of Saul, whose monarchy brought the tribes together as one unit, the Kingdom of Israel. Conflict between Sauls line and David created a rift in the kingdom, and the tribal lines reasserted themselves. Historical View Modern historians consider the notion of the twelve tribes as descendants of a dozen brothers to be simplistic. It is more likely that the story of the tribes was one created to explain affiliations between groups inhabiting the land of Canaan subsequent to the writing of the Torah. One school of thought suggests that the tribes and their story arose in the period of the Judges. Another holds that the federation of the tribal groups happened after the flight from Egypt, but that this united group didnt conquer Canaan at any one time, but rather occupied the country bit by bit. Some scholars see the tribes supposedly descended from the sons born to Jacob by Leah— Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Zebulun and Issachar—to represent an earlier political grouping of six that was expanded by later arrivals to twelve. Why Twelve Tribes? The flexibility of the twelve tribes—the absorption of Levi; the expansion of Josephs sons into two territories—suggests that the number twelve itself was an important part of the way the Israelites saw themselves. In fact, biblical figures including Ishmael, Nahor, and Esau were assigned twelve sons and subsequently nations divisible by twelve. The Greeks also organized themselves around groups of twelve (called amphictyony) for sacred purposes. As the unifying factor of the Israelite tribes was their dedication to a single god, Yahweh, some scholars argue that the twelve tribes are simply an imported social organization from Asia Minor. The Tribes and Territories Eastern  · Judah · Issachar · Zebulun Southern  · Reuben · Simeon · Gad Western  · Ephraim · Manesseh · Benjamin Northern  · Dan · Asher · Naphtali Although Levi was dishonored by being denied territory, the tribe of Levi became the highly honored priestly tribe of Israel. It won this honor because of its reverence for Yahweh during the Exodus.

The Movie The Legend - 1048 Words

This movie is about Chris Kyle, who is a dedicated Navy SEAL sniper. He is referred to as â€Å"The Legend† because he is one of the greatest, deadliest snipers and has killed dozens of people. American Sniper really shows the effect war has on a person and how Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder changed his life. Throughout his four tours in war, Chris was exposed to actual and threatened death. Which is one of the requirements to have PTSD. A lot of those situations where he experienced the actual or threatened death were people he cared about deeply, which definitely impacted him. Not only that, but he had killed dozens of people as well so he witnessed it all in person and had a direct experience. The four categories of symptoms for PTSD are intrusion, avoidance, negative cognitions/mood, and arousal/reactivity. He clearly displayed symptoms in each of these four categories especially when he would return home to his family. There was a scene where Chris was sitting in a chair staring at a TV—that was not on—but there were sounds of constant gun shots and a helicopter. He was having an auditory hallucination, which falls under the category of intrusion. Another symptom Chris presented was avoidance. When his wife, Taya, asked him what he wanted to do that day, he did not want to leave the house. This was probably because he was avoiding any situation which could remind him of the traumatic events he had experienced. Although, that was not the only thing he avoided. Each timeShow MoreRelatedThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow: Book vs. Movie1877 Words   |  8 PagesTHE LEGEND OF SLEEPY HOLLOW: BOOK VS. MOVIE 2011 Outline: A) Introduction: general overview. B) Comparison of book and movie: 1) plot; 2) character; 3) settings. C) Conclusion. Foreword: This research paper discusses differences and similarities between the book by W. 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Golden Oaks Rehabilitation Center Free Essays

Margie Wilson, a 95 year old woman and patient at Golden Oaks Rehabilitation Center located on the grounds of Marion General Hospital, is dealing with some difficult times after losing her son, Williams, this past week. Within the past five years, she has also had to deal with the passing of her husband of 68 years, Earl, and another son who died in a motor vehicle accident, Jacob. Margie is having a very difficult time taking this all in and is not feeling alone. We will write a custom essay sample on Golden Oaks Rehabilitation Center or any similar topic only for you Order Now She has come to the conclusion that she no longer wants to live her life alone. She wants to end her life and is requesting that the one thing that’s keeping her alive, her pacemaker, be disconnected. Two years ago Margie suffered a heart attack that almost took her life, which resulted in her having the electronic pacemaker implanted. The pacemaker keeps Margie’s heart rhythm at 100% pace, which is what keeps her alive. With all her family gone, she has no desire to live anymore and is requesting that her pacemaker be removed so that she can be reunited with her family. Margie has spoken with Cindy Macklin, the Nursing Home Administrator, and has told her what she would like to happen. She has requested that Cindy call Dr. Vigay, who is the cardiologist surgeon who originally implanted the pacemaker. Dr. Vigay was stunned because in the 20 years of his practice he has never had a request from his patents. He has pretty much declined her request and has asked that she allow time to get her past her current state of mind and back to normal. Margie is now extremely upset and determined and is now requesting to see the Golden Oaks social worker, Jane Robison, MSW. Jane meets with Margie for more than an hour discussing and exploring all her options. In this case, there are morals and conflicts involved. There are certain ethical, moral and legal conflicts that need to be determined. Morals are beliefs and values that conform to normal standards of what is right and wrong and deal with people’s habits of conduct (www. ehow. com). The moral principles of ethics that are involved include: Beneficence – doing good, demonstrating kindness, showing compassion, and helping others Nonmaleficence – avoiding the infliction of harm Justice – the duty to be fair in the distribution of benefits and risks Autonomy – recognizing an individual’s right to make his or her own decisions The morals that are in conflict are nonmaleficence, justice and autonomy. The top priority of the doctors, nurses, social worker, and ethics committee is to make sure that nonmaleficence is not being implemented while considering Margie’s right to make her own decision about wanting to live and the risks and benefits that could go along with Margie’s request to remove her pacemaker. The dilemma here consists of Margie wanting her doctor to assist with taking her life by removing her pacemaker. Margie has lost her desire to live because of the loss of her family and wants to be with them. There are several ethical theories that play apart in this dilemma. Normative Ethics – the attempt to determine what moral standards should be followed so that human behavior and conduct are morally right (Pozgar, p 369). Consequential Ethics – emphasizing that the morally right action is whatever action leads to the maximum balance of good over evil (Pozgar, p. 369). Utilitarian Ethics – doing the greatest good for the most people (Pozgar, p. 370). Deontologic Ethics – focusing on one’s duties to others and others’ rights including telling the truth and keeping your promises (Pozgar, p. 371). As the ethics committee chairman, we do agree that there is a dilemma here. We are all on the same accord and have been informed with all the information about the case. Dr. Vigay, Jane Robison, Cindy Macklin, and I have all come together and presented all the information and facts that we know about the dilemma to the members of the committee to ensure that no one was left out about any details of this dilemma. Dr. Vigay informed the committee that removing Margie’s pacemaker would violate the ethics principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. If he followed through with Margie’s request, he would be going against helping others, avoiding or causing harm to patients, and disregarding the benefits and risks of Margie by performing the requested actions. Jane Robison has expressed that doing what Margie has requested would not be good for Margie nor her profession due to the ethics standards that are withheld for all the patients. She believes that with time Margie will have a change of heart and appreciate her life being spared. Cindy Macklin is in agreement with everyone else in not assisting Margie with taking her life due to overwhelming circumstances she has faced within the past few years. Therefore, after all the recommendations and suggestions from all involved and the members of the ethics committee, Margie’s request to have her pacemaker removed has been denied due to the all the ethical standards and the fact that it is not right to allow or assist anyone in taking their own life. How to cite Golden Oaks Rehabilitation Center, Papers

Research Paper on Sustainable Low

Research Paper on Sustainable Low- Income Housing Essay The most successful, long term, low-income housing projects are those that use sustainable design and address the social, cultural, and economic needs of residents.. By implementing sustainable low-income housing projects with residents? need in mind, the developers, residents, and the community as a whole will benefit.A community with a sustainably designed project often views the project in a more favorable light than they would a traditionally built housing project, enabling residents to become part of the community instead of being treated as pariahs (Marin). Studies show that people living in sustainable housing projects move less frequently, and have positive feelings about their homes. Susan King, a principle at the architecture firm Harvey Devereaux in Chicago commented on the benefits to the community and to residents that come with a green housing project, saying, ?In cases where the developer promotes the green aspects of a building to the community and also educates the p eople who live there on these features, the building starts to be known for these qualities. This can start to override the stigma often associated with low-income housing and even serving as a point of pride for those who live there? (Marin). Most people who live in government subsidized housing projects also rely on government assistance for health care. Evidence shows again and again that traditionally built housing projects in major cities are breeding grounds for disease, plagued with violence, and terribly stressful for the people who inhabit them. High stress living environments can add to a myriad of physical problems as well as psychological problems including depression, and in children behavioral, emotional and cognitive problems. The toll all of these factors have on childhood development often causes lasting, lifelong health problems whose expense will almost certainly fall on the government, and ultimately on the tax payers of this country. On adult we see an elevated mortality rate compared to the rest of the country, and high rates of cardio-vascular maladies, related to high stress and poor quality food (Rosenthal; Acevedo-Garcia; Spielman). Essentially, the traditionally built housing projects our government has used to house very poor and low-income citizens are costing the government additional dollars in health care, and costing the residents of these projects their health. The system for low-income housing our government has implemented is failing on several levels. The need for a new approach is evident, and the solutions that sustainable design can offer present economic, humanitarian, ecological, healthy, and aesthetic improvements to the norm. As sustainable low-income housing projects are received with welcome into different communities, they act as important catalysts for integration. The segregation of poor people into predominately poor neighborhoods is a major factor shown to adversely affect those residents? health. In 1994, the program Moving to Opportunity (MTO) began studying very low-income families with children, randomly assigning participants into three groups. The control group would remain living in public housing, the second group was assigned unrestricted Section 8 vouchers, and the experimental group was given housing vouchers that were only good in low-poverty neighborhoods and were given free housing-search counseling (Acevedo-Garcia). Educational and employment outcomes, health, and reliance on public assistance were all documented over the years (Acevedo-Garcia). ?The latest evaluation report by HUD showed that girls in the experimental groupi.e., those who moved to low-poverty neighborhoodshad improved mental health and a lower risk of using marijuana and smoking than girls who stayed in public housing. Adults in the experimental group experienced significantly lower obesity than those in public housing, and lower prevalence of mental health problems (psychological distress and depression) ? (Acevedo-Garcia). Some of the factors looked at for the reason for these results were: the effect of higher quality living spaces, lower stress levels from witnessing or fearing crime, and access to better institutional amenities like schools, healthcare and childcare facilities (Acevedo-Garcia). The authors also looked at the access residents had to information on healthy living and eating, as well as access to healthy food. They found that predominately poor neighborhoods have a higher of incidence of alcohol and fast food outlets than do wealthier neighborhoods, and very limited access to supermarkets or groceries that stock a healthy fresh produce. ?Residents of minority neighborhoods may also have fewer opportunities to be physically active, due to higher crime rates and limited availability of green space, sidewalks and bike paths? (Acevedo-Garcia). The authors infer that, ?diet may be constrained by limited access to healthy foods at the neighborhood level? (Acevedo-Garcia) . In another relocation study, low-income families were moved into townhouses set in a middle class neighborhood, and the results after two years revealed that adults who moved to low-poverty neighborhoods were less likely to be exposed to violence and disorder, experience health problems, abuse alcohol, receive cash assistance, and were more likely to report satisfaction with neighborhood resources, experience higher housing quality, and be employed, when compared with adults who remained in high-poverty neighborhoods? (Fauth). Because sustainable low-income housing is received more favorably than traditional low-income housing, it is less likely to be met with opposition in a mixed income community. Therefore, by using sustainable design to implement low-income housing, the health benefits to the residents can be twofold: not only will green buildings offer better living conditions inside the structures, the structures themselves potentially allow them to reside in neighborhoods t hat offer a greater social, economic, and institutional supports and services.Communities in which sustainably designed low-income housing projects are built can also derive benefits from the projects. The residents range in age from 18 years old and up, and a large proportion of residents are active seniors, seniors in need of some assistance, and disabled people (Hoban). The designers used universal design for accessibility along with sustainable design indoors and out. The 114 unit structure includes a green roof, and rain garden, both aesthetically pleasing and environmentally friendly. Green Roofs have been shown to act as excellent insulators, control runoff, and significantly reduce the urban heat island effect by lowering ambient temperatures (Monhein). An experimental green roof planted on Chicago?s City Hall has been found to reduce ambient temperature as much as 78 degrees Fahrenheit, compared to the black tar roof it sits adjacent to (Yocca). An open courtyard and severa l rooms for recreation, including a library, a meditation room, exercise room, and craft room, all enhance residents quality of life and encourage social interaction. ?In spring, children from the school across the street come over to help plant flowers. Its a nice intergenerational experience, remarks Highland Gardens Site Manager Pamela Talbert. Others from the community are welcome to use the computer room, and encouraged to visit. ?Highland Gardens is the centerpiece of urban renewal for this neighborhood. The building complements the area and has spurred new construction of single-family homes? (Hoban). The Political Supreme Court Essay